Special Economic Zone Act, 2005

As a major step forward meant to instill confidence in investors and signal the government's commitment to a stable SEZ policy regime, a comprehensive Special Economic Zone Act, 2005 was passed by the parliament in May 2005. It received Presidential award on the 23rd of June 2005. This Act came into force w.e.f. February 10, 2006.

The salient features of SEZs Act are:

• Exemption from custom duty, exercise duty etc. on import/ domestic procurement of goods for the development, operation and maintenance of SEZs and the units therein.
• 100% income tax exemption for 5 years, 50% for next five years and 50% of ploughed back export profits for 5 years thereafter for SEZs unit.
• Exemption from capital gains on transfer of an undertaking from an urban area to SEZs.
• 100% income tax exemption to SEZ developers for a block of 10 years in 15 years.
• Exemption from dividend distribution tax to SEZ developers.
• 100% income tax exemption for 5 years and 50% for next 5 years for off shore banking unit located in SEZ.
• Exemption to SEZ developers and units from Minimum Alternate Tax.
• CST exemption to SEZ developers and units on inter-state purchase of goods.
• Constitution of an authority for each SEZ with a view to providing greater administration financial and functional autonomy to these zones.
• Establishment of designated courts and a state enforcement agency to ensure speedy trial and investigation of offences committed in SEZs.
• Encouragement to State Government to liberalise State laws and delegate their power to the Development Commissioners to the SEZs to facilitate single window clearance.

Narasimham Committee Recommendations on Financial Reforms

The Government of India constituted a nine member committee under the chairmanship of Mr. M. Narasimham, retired RBI Governor, on August 14, 1991 for making recommendations on existing financial system and to give suggestions for improving the existing structure. The committee submitted its report to the Finance Minister in November 1991 which was placed on the table of Parliament on December 17, 1991. 

The salient recommendations are:

1. Four tier Banking System should be introduced in the country
   I tier 3 or 4 International Banks
   II tier 8 to 10 National Banks
   III tier Regional Banks
   IV tier Rural Banks
2. Branch licensing system for opening new bank branches should be abolished.
3. A liberal view should be adopted for allowing foreign banks in the country. Both domestic and foreign banks should be treated at par.
4. SLR for banks should be curtailed to the level of 25% within next 5 years. CRR should also be curtailed in various phases.
5. Banks should be given more autonomy and the directed credit should be abolished.
6. Primary targets for credit should be redefined and such credits should not be more than 10% of total credit.
7. Computerisation in banks should be promoted.
8. Banks should be authorised to appoint banking officials at their own discretion.
9. The duel control RBI and Finance Ministry on banks should be abolished and RBI should function only as a regulatory authority of banking system in the economy.
10. RBI's representative should not be included in the management board of banks. Only Government representative should be there.
11. Granting resources to development finance institutions on concessional rates of interest should be abolished in phases within next three years. These institutions should be allowed to mobilise resources from open market on competitive rates.
12. Quick and effective liberal attitude should be adopted in the policy related to capital market. System of getting prior permission by the companies for their new share issues should be abolished.

National Development Council

National Development Council (NDC) is a non-statutory body which was constituted to build co-operation between States and Planning Commission for economic planning. The National Development Council was constituted on August 6, 1952, by a proposal of the Government. The Prime Minister is the Chairman and Secretary of the Planning Commission remains its secretary. In the beginning, only the Chief Ministers of the States were its members, but after 1967 all the Ministers of Central Cabinet, Administrators of the state ruled by the Center and all the members of Planning Commission were Included as members of this body.

The National Development Council is an important organisation, whose main functions are as follows:

1. To evaluate the implementation of National Planning from time to time.
2. To examine the social and economic policies that influence the economic development
3. To give suggestions in the order to achieve maximum co-operation of the people, improve administrative efficiency, suggest necessary measures for the developments of under-developed and backward classed and also to mobilise resources for national development.
4. To study the plan preparation by the Planning Commission and after mutual discussions give it the final shape. It is only after its ratification that the format of the plan is published.

Method of National Plan Formulation

The Plan has to go through various stages in order to reach its final form. About 2-3 years before the implementation of the Plan, the discussions on the targets and programs of the plan begins. The Planning Commission collects the data of national product, national consumption, availability of resources, national investment and saving for the future plan and it prepares micro and macro plans, keeping in view their allocation arrangements. Thereafter, these plans along with the data sent to the National Development Council. The NDC again sends it back to Planning Commission with or without any amendment. On this basis, the ministries of Center and State Governments are asked to prepare their projects. The Planning Commission obtains suggestion from a panel of experts operating in various sectors. On the basis of the requisites of the plan obtained from different ministries and opinion of the different specialists, the Planning Commission prepares a draft memorandum of the plan, in which all the policies and important details of the plan are laid down. This draft memorandum is sent to central cabinet for discussion. After assessment, the central cabinet sends it to National Development Council along with its suggestions. The NDC again sends it to Planning Commission with its suggestions. The Planning Commission prepares a draft outline of the objective and programs of the plan, keeping in view the draft memorandum and suggestions given by the Cabinet and NDC. This outline is sent to the various State Governments and Central ministries. It is published after receiving acceptance from the NDC. This published format along with the reactions and suggestions of the experts is again sent to the Central Cabinet and National Development Council. The approved format is laid down in its final form, which is presented to the Lok Sabha for discussion. After getting it ratified by the parliament the government implements the Plan.

History of Planning Commission in India

In India the planned economic development began in 1951 with the inception of First Five Year Plan. The theoretical efforts for economic development in Indian economy had already begun before independence. In the year 1934, Sir M. Visheshvaraya wrote a book named 'Planned Economy of India', which was the first attempt in this direction. In 1938, the Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, made a National Planning Committee. Its recommendations could not be implemented due to the beginning of the Second World War and and changes in the Indian Political Situation. In 1944, eight industrialists of Bombay presented well organised plan called "The Bombay Plan", which could not be brought into action due to various reasons. In August 1944, the Indian Government inaugurated separate department called 'The Planning and Development Department' and appointed Sir Ardishar Dalal, the controller of Bombay Plan, as its acting member. 

Inspired by the economic views of Mahatma Gandhi, Shri Sriman Narayan constructed a plan in 1944 which is known as 'Gandhian Plan'. Mr. M. N. Rao, the Chairman of post-war Reconstruction Committee of Indian Trade Union, introduced a 'People's Plan' in April 1945. This plan introduced before independence again could not be implemented due to various reasons. In 1946, the Interim Government was formed in India. This Government established a High Level Advisory Planning Board in order to study the problems of planning and development in the country. The Board studied all the problems very deeply and gave recommendation to establish a stable planning commission at the central level which could continuously work for the planning and development of the country. In January 1950, Shri Jaiprakash Narayan published a plan called 'Sarvodaya Plan'. The Government did not accept the entire plan and adopted only a part of it. The Planning Commission was constituted on 15th March, 1950, by the Government of India.

Until now ten five years plan and seven annual plans have been completed. Eleventh Plan (2007-12) which was finally approved by NDC on December 19, 2007 is in operation w.e.f. April 1, 2007.

Planning Commission of India

There is no account of Planning Commission in the Indian Constitution. Therefore, it was constituted in the form of an advisory and specialised institution by means of a document of Government. Consequently the Government has been changing its nature and organisation from time to time. 

The Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed the first Chairman of Planning Commission, 5 full time members were also nominated. The ministers and scholars have been nominated in this commission from time to time, the Prime Minister remains its ex-officio Chairman. The tenure of its members and Vice Chairman is not fixed. There is no definite qualification for its members. The members are appointed by Government on its own discretion. The number of its members keep on changing according to the wish of the Government.

Functions of the Planning Commission

1. To estimate the physical, capital and human resources of the country.
2. To prepare plan for making effective and balanced utilisation of human resource.
3. To determine the various stages of planning and to propose the allocation of resources on the priority basis.
4. To indicate those factors to the Government which prove an obstacle in the economic development and also to determine those circumstances which are necessary for the implementation of the plans under existing social and political situation.
5. To evaluate from time to time the progress achieved in every stage of plan and also to suggest remedial measures.
6. To advice the Centre and the State Government on special matters referred to the commission.

BANKING AWARENESS QUESTIONS

1. Very often we see in the advertisements published by Financing Institutes/Agencies stating that their products are given high or average Ratings. These Rating Agencies classify bonds/investments in how many categories ?
1. Low Risk
2. Average Risk
3. High Risk
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) All 1, 2 and 3
(E) None of these

2. As per the reports published in various newspapers/journals etc. the economic map of the world is being redesigned. What is/are the new emerging trends of this new economic map of the world ?
1. With India and Asia at the forefront the centre of economic gravity has shifted to East.
2. Emerging markets, with India among the leaders, are growing faster than old established markets.
3. Central banks of the countries have recognized that case-by-case liquidity solutions are not the answers and a market wide and globally synchronized approach is needed to solve the present crisis.
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) All 1, 2 and 3
(E) None of these

3. As per the decision taken by the Govt. of India, the exporters of which of the following products to USA and European countries will get an incentive of 2% on their exports ?
1. Leather goods
2. Garments
3. Software
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 2 only
(E) All 1, 2 and 3


4. Which of the following is/are the key features of Indian Economy which were highlighted during the presentation of the Interim Budget 2009-10 ?
1. Despite global financial crisis the GDP growth rate in current financial year has been 7•1 per cent.
2. Indian economy was adjudged as second fastest growing economy in the world
3. A provision of Rs. 100 crores is made in the annual plan 2009-10 for setting up Unique Identification Authority of India.
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) All 1, 2 and 3
(E) None of these


5. Many a times we read a term in financial news papers ‘SEPA’. What is the full form of the term ?
(A) Single Exchange Processing Agency
(B) Single Euro Payments Area
(C) Single Electronic Processing Agency
(D) Super Electronic Purchase Agency
(E) None of these


6. As per the newly launched ‘Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme’ a monthly pension will be given to the widows. What will be the amount of the pension ?
(A) Rs. 200
(B) Rs. 400
(C) Rs. 600
(D) Rs. 800
(E) None of these


7. As per the decision taken by the Govt. of India all the Public Sector Banks (PSBs) will be recapitalised over the next two years so that they can maintain a Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) of ……….
(A) 9%
(B) 12%
(C) 11%
(D) 22%
(E) None of these


8. As per the Industrial Development Report 2009 India’s rank in Industrial Development was 54 on the Development Index. Which of the following organizations/agencies compiles Industrial Development Index of the world ?
(A) International Labour Organisation
(B) United Nations’ Industrial Development Organisation
(C) World Bank
(D) World Trade Organisation
(E) The Economic and Social Council of UNO


9. As per the news published in major news papers/magazines the International Finance Corporation has offered a loan for providing clean drinking water to 30 lakhs people in rural India. What is the amount of the loan ?
(A) 5 million US $
(B) 10 million US $
(C) 15 million US $
(D) 20 million US $
(E) None of these


10. The merger of which of the following two Indian companies took place in recent past which is termed as “Largest ever merger in India’s Corporate History” ?
(A) Nuclear Power Corporation and National Thermal Power Corporation
(B) State Bank of India and its seven associate banks
(C) Hind Aluminium Company and Century Mills
(D) Tata Motors and Ashok Leyland
(E) Reliance Industries and Reliance Petroleum Ltd.


11. We very frequently read about the activities of the Foreign Exchange Market in newspapers/magazines. Which of the following is/are the major functions of the same ?
1. Transfer of purchasing power from domestic to foreign market.
2. Providing credit for financing foreign trade.
3. Power to purchase gold from foreign countries as most of the nations still work on Gold Standards.
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 2 only
(E) Both 2 and 3 only

12. The Govt. of India recently introduced Money Laundering Bill 2009. Under the bill which of the following agencies is empowered to search the premises after the offence is committed and a case is filed ?
(A) Income Tax Department
(B) Vigilance Department of the Reserve Bank of India
(C) Enforcement Directorate
(D) Central Bureau of Investigation
(E) None of these


13. Which of the following is/are the components of the Fiscal Deficit ?
1. Budgetary Deficit
2. Market Borrowings
3. Expenditure made from Pradhan Mantri Rahat Kosh
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) All 1, 2 and 3
(E) None of these



14. Which of the following is not a Welfare scheme launched by the Govt. of India ?
(A) Village Grain Bank Scheme
(B) Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana
(C) Annapurna Scheme
(D) Midday Meal Scheme
(E) Bharat Nirman Yojana


15. Which of the following are the instruments of Credit Control in the hands of the RBI ?
1. Lowering or raising the discount and interest rates.
2. Raising the minimum support price of the major agro products.
3. Lowering or raising the minimum cash reserves maintained by the commercial banks.
(A) Only 1
(B) Only 2
(C) Only 3
(D) Both 1 and 3 only
(E) Both 2 and 3 only



16. Which of the following programmes was launched to further improve the facilities of irrigation in rural India ?
(A) National Social Assistance programme
(B) Construction of Kiosks for poor
(C) Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
(D) Annapurna Scheme
(E) National Watershed Development Programme


17. Many times we read in newspapers that a company is planning to bring a public issue. What does it mean?
A) Shares of the company will be issued only through public sector organizations like banks/Central financial institutions etc.
B) Shares of the company will be issued to general public only through primary market.
C) This means some stakeholders/ promoters are willing to leave the company. Hence they wish to sell their stock to the general public.
a) Only A b) Only B c) Only C d) All A,B&C e) None of these

18. Whenever some people wish to enter into the business world, it is a must for them to approach a bank. What services do banks provide them in this regard?
A) Banks act as payment agents by operating current accounts, paying cheques and receiving payments for them.
B) Maintaining account books for them for their day-to- day activities so that they are not required to appoint account/finance personnel on a regular basis.
C) Lending money by way of overdraft, installment loan, credit or advance for business activities
a) Only A b) Only B c) Only C d) Only A&C e) All of these

19. As we all have noticed, banks these days are giving more emphasis on “Branchless Banking”. What does this really mean?
A) Banks will not have many branches as used to be in the good old days. Instead, the number of branches will be restricted and will conduct only a specified core business.
B) Banks will launch/operate many delivery channels like ATMs, Mobile Banking/ Internet Banking etc sot that people are not required to visit a branch for their usual banking needs.
C) This means banks will issue only debit or credit cards for all types of day-to-day financial transactions. Cheques/cash payments will not be allowed.
a) Only A b) Only B c) Only A&B d) Only B&C
e) All A, B&C

20. Which of the following is NOT a function of a bank?
a) Providing project finance b) Selling Mutual Funds
c) Deciding policy rates like CRR, Repo Rate / SLR etc
d) Settlement of payments of behalf of the customers
e) All of these are functions of a bank


21. How many banks were nationalized in 1969?
(A) 16
(B) 14
(C) 15
(D) 20
(E) None of these.

22. The Reserve Bank of India was established in :
(A) 1820
(B) 1920
(C) 1935
(D) 1940
(E) None of these.

23. The first Indian Bank was :
(A) Traders Bank
(B) Imperial Bank
(C) Presidency Bank of Calcutta
(D) Indian Bank
(E) None of these.

24. The rupee coin was first minted in India in :
(A) 1542
(B) 1601
(C) 1809
(D) 1677
(E) None of these.

25. The Export-Import (EXIM) Bank was set up in :
(A) 1980
(B) 1982
(C) 1981
(D) 1989
(E) None of these.

26. Planning Commission is :
(A) Advisory body
(B) Executive body
(C) Government body
(D) Autonomous body
(E) None of these.

27. The Community Development Programme was launched in :
(A) 1950
(B) 1952
(C) 1956
(D) 1960
(E) None of these.

28. The highest body which approves the Five-Year Plan is the :
(a) Finance Ministry
(B) Lok Sabha
(C) Rajya Sabha
(D) National Development Council
(E) None of these.

29. Which of the following commodities earn maximum foreign exchange for India?
(A) Jute
(B) Iron and Steel
(C) Tea
(D) Sugar
(E) None of these.


30. The one rupee note bears the signature of :
(A) Secretary, Ministry of Finance
(B) Governor, Reserve Bank of India
(C) Finance Secretary
(D) Prime Minister
(E) None of these.

ANSWERS:

1.D 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.E
11.D 12.E 13.A 14.E 15.C 16.E 17.B 18.D 19.E 20.C
21.B 22.C 23.C 24.A 25.B 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C 

Quantitative Aptitude : Important Formulae

Every Quantitative aptitude problem can be solved in two ways. One is without using formulae and applying soe common general intelligence. But it is not possible for all the problems, some of the Problems to be asked in Common Written Examination must be dealt with proper formulae.
Further, You can save your time largely if you know more formulae by quickly moving into the proble they ask.
Lets have a look on soe of the important formulae on quantitative aptitude. 

ALGEBRA :

1.      Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2

2.      Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6

3.      Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers = [n(n+1)/2]²

4.      Sum of first n natural odd numbers = n²

5.      Average = (Sum of items)/Number of items

Arithmetic Progression (A.P.):

An A.P. is of the form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ...

where a is called the 'first term' and d is called the 'common difference'

1.      nth term of an A.P. tn = a + (n-1)d

2.      Sum of the first n terms of an A.P. Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d] or Sn = n/2(first term + last term)

Geometrical Progression (G.P.):

A G.P. is of the form a, ar, ar², ar³, ...

where a is called the 'first term' and r is called the 'common ratio'.

1.      nth term of a G.P. t_n = ar^n-1

2.      Sum of the first n terms in a G.P. Sn = a|1-rⁿ|/|1-r|

Permutations and Combinations :

1.      nPr = n!/(n-r)!

2.      nPn = n!

3.      nP1 = n

1.      nCr = n!/(r! (n-r)!)

2.      nC1 = n

3.      nC0 = 1 = nCn

4.      nCr = nCn-r

5.      nCr = nPr/r!

Number of diagonals in a geometric figure of n sides = nC2-n

Tests of Divisibility :

1.      A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number.

2.      A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.

3.      A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.

4.      A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit is either 5 or 0.

5.      A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

6.      A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.

7.      A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.

8.      A number is divisible by 10 if the units digit is 0.

9.      A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits at even places, is divisible by 11.

H.C.F and L.C.M :

H.C.F stands for Highest Common Factor. The other names for H.C.F are Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D) and Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M).

The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each one of them exactly.

The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their L.C.M.

Two numbers are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is 1.

H.C.F. of fractions = H.C.F. of numerators/L.C.M of denominators

L.C.M. of fractions = G.C.D. of numerators/H.C.F of denominators

Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.

PERCENTAGES :

1.      If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by R / (100+R) * 100

2.      If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by R / (100-R) * 100

3.      If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then reduction in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is : R/(100+R)*100

4.      If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption, not to decrease the expenditure is : R/(100-R)*100

PROFIT & LOSS :

1.      Gain = Selling Price(S.P.) - Cost Price(C.P)

2.      Loss = C.P. - S.P.

3.      Gain % = Gain * 100 / C.P.

4.      Loss % = Loss * 100 / C.P.

5.      S.P. = (100+Gain%)/100*C.P.

6.      S.P. = (100-Loss%)/100*C.P.

Short cut Methods:

1.      By selling an article for Rs. X, a man loses l%. At what price should he sell it to gain y%?       (or)

A man lost l% by selling an article for Rs. X. What percent shall he gain or lose by selling it for Rs. Y?

(100 – loss%) : 1^st S.P. = (100 + gain%) : 2^nd S.P.

2.      A man sold two articles for Rs. X each. On one he gains y% while on the other he loses y%. How much does he gain or lose in the whole transaction?

In such a question, there is always a lose. The selling price is immaterial.

Formula for loss %

3.      A discount dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price but uses a weight of 960 gms. For a kg weight. Find his gain percent.

 

Formula: Gain % =

RATIO & PROPORTIONS:

1.      The ratio a : b represents a fraction a/b. a is called antecedent and b is called consequent.

2.      The equality of two different ratios is called proportion.

3.      If a : b = c : d then a, b, c, d are in proportion. This is represented by a : b :: c : d.

4.      In a : b = c : d, then we have  a* d = b * c.

5.      If a/b = c/d then ( a + b ) / ( a – b  ) = ( d + c ) / ( d – c ).

TIME & WORK :

1.      If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = 1/n

2.      If A and B work together for n days, then (A+B)'s 1 days's work = 1/n

3.      If A is twice as good workman as B, then ratio of work done by A and B = 2:1

PIPES & CISTERNS :

1.      If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then part of tank filled in one hour = 1/x

2.      If a pipe can empty a full tank in y hours, then part emptied in one hour = 1/y

3.      If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours, then on opening both the pipes,

the net part filled in 1 hour = (1/x-1/y)  if y>x

the net part emptied in 1 hour = (1/y-1/x) if x>y

TIME & DISTANCE :

1.      Distance = Speed * Time

2.      1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec

3.      1 m/sec = 18/5 km/hr

4.      Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy/(x+y) kmph.

PROBLEMS ON TRAINS :

1.      Time taken by a train x metres long in passing a signal post or a pole or a standing man is equal to the time taken by the train to cover x metres.

2.      Time taken by a train x metres long in passing a stationary object of length y metres is equal to the time taken by the train to cover x+y metres.

3.      Suppose two trains are moving in the same direction at u kmph and v kmph such that u>v, then their relative speed = u-v kmph.

4.      If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the same direction at u kmph and v kmph, where u>v, then time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (x+y)/(u-v) hours.

5.      Suppose two trains are moving in opposite directions at u kmph and v kmph. Then, their relative speed = (u+v) kmph.

6.      If two trains of length x km and y km are moving in the opposite directions at u kmph and v kmph, then time taken by the trains to cross each other = (x+y)/(u+v)hours.

7.      If two trains start at the same time from two points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b hours in reaching B and A respectively, then A's speed : B's speed = (√b : √

SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTERESTS :

Let P be the principal, R be the interest rate percent per annum, and N be the time period.

1.      Simple Interest = (P*N*R)/100

2.      Compound Interest = P(1 + R/100)^N – P

3.      Amount = Principal + Interest

LOGORITHMS :

If a^m = x , then m = log_ax.

Properties :

1.      log _xx = 1

2.      log _x1 = 0

3.      log _a(xy) = log _ax + log _ay

4.      log _a(x/y) = log _ax - log _ay

5.      log _ax = 1/log _xa

6.      log _a(x^p) = p(log _ax)

7.      log _ax = log _bx/log _ba

Note : Logarithms for base 1 does not exist.

AREA & PERIMETER :

Shape                          Area                            Perimeter

Circle                           ∏ (Radius)²                 2∏(Radius)

Square                         (side)²                          4(side)

Rectangle                    length*breadth                        2(length+breadth)

1.      Area of a triangle = 1/2*Base*Height or

2.      Area of a triangle = √ (s(s-(s-b)(s-c)) where a,b,c are the lengths of the sides and s = (a+b+c)/2

3.      Area of a parallelogram = Base * Height

4.      Area of a rhombus = 1/2(Product of diagonals)

5.      Area of a trapezium = 1/2(Sum of parallel sides)(distance between the parallel sides)

6.      Area of a quadrilateral = 1/2(diagonal)(Sum of sides)

7.      Area of a regular hexagon = 6(√3/4)(side)²  

8.      Area of a ring = ∏(R²-r²) where R and r are the outer and inner radii of the ring.

VOLUME & SURFACE AREA :

Cube :

Let a be the length of each edge. Then,

1.      Volume of the cube = a³ cubic units

2.      Surface Area = 6a² square units

3.      Diagonal = √ 3 a units

Cuboid :

Let l be the length, b be the breadth and h be the height of a cuboid. Then

1.      Volume = lbh cu units

2.      Surface Area = 2(lb+bh+lh) sq units

3.      Diagonal = √ (l²+b²+h²)

Cylinder :

Let radius of the base be r and height of the cylinder be h. Then,

1.      Volume = ∏r²h cu units

2.      Curved Surface Area = 2∏rh sq units

3.      Total Surface Area = 2∏rh + 2∏r² sq units

Cone :

Let r be the radius of base,  h be the height, and l be the slant height of the cone. Then,

1.      l² = h² + r²

2.      Volume = 1/3(∏r²h) cu units

3.      Curved Surface Area = ∏rl sq units

4.      Total Surface Area = ∏rl + ∏r² sq units

Sphere :

Let r be the radius of the sphere. Then,

1.      Volume = (4/3)∏r³ cu units

2.      Surface Area = 4∏r² sq units

Hemi-sphere :

Let r be the radius of the hemi-sphere. Then,

1.      Volume = (2/3)∏r³ cu units

2.      Curved Surface Area = 2∏r² sq units

3.      Total Surface Area = 3∏r² sq units

Prism : 

      1.   Volume = (Area of base)(Height)

JOINT ADMISSION TEST (IIT-JAM) for M.Sc. 2012

Admission to M.Sc. (Two Year), Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D., M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree and other post-bachelor’s degree programmes

Eligibility Requirements For Admission
The candidates who qualify in JAM 2012 shall have to fulfill the following eligibility criteria for admissions in IITs. (i) At least 55% aggregate marks (taking into account all subjects, including languages and subsidiaries, all years combined) for General/OBC category candidates and at least 50% aggregate marks (taking into account all subjects, including languages and subsidiaries, all years combined) for SC, ST and PD category candidates in the qualifying degree.
For candidates with letter grades/CGPA (instead of percentage of marks), the equivalence in percentage of marks will be decided by the Admitting Institute(s).
(ii) Proof of having passed the qualifying degree with the minimum educational qualification as specified by the admitting institute should be submitted by 30 September 2012.

Test papers and corresponding academic programmes

1. Mathematics: M.Sc. Mathematics and Computing / M.Sc. Applied Mathematics/ M.Sc. Industrial Mathematics and Informatics / M.Sc. Mathematics / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Operations Research/ M.Sc.-Ph.D.
   Dual Degree in Environmental Science and Engineering / Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D. Programme in Mathematics/ M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree Programme in Energy.
   
2. Biotechnology: M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Biotechnology / M.Sc. Biotechnology / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Environmental Science and Engineering.
   
3. Geology: Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D. Programme in Geology / M.Tech. in Geological Technology / M.Sc. Applied Geology / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Applied Geology.
4. Chemistry: Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D. Programme in Chemistry / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree Programme in Energy / M.Sc. Chemistry / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Environmental Science and Engineering.
   
5. Physics: Joint M.Sc.-Ph.D. Programme in Physics / M.Sc. Ph.D. Dual Degree Programme in Physics / M.Sc. Physics / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Environmental Science and Engineering / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree Programme in Energy.
6. Master of Computer Applications (MCA)
7. Geophysics: Joint M.Sc.- Ph.D. Programme in Geophysics / M.Sc. Applied Geophysics / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Applied Geophysics / M.Tech. Geophysical Technology.
8. Mathematical Statistics: M.Sc. Statistics / M.Sc.-Ph.D. Dual Degree in Operations Research / M.Sc. Applied Statistics and Informatics.

Important Dates for JAM 2012

• Issue of application forms and information brochures at Canara Bank counters or by post only from IIT Bombay: 22 September 2011 (Thursday)
• Commencement of Online Registration: 22 September 2011 (Thursday)
• Last date for receipt of requests at IIT Bombay for the issue of application material by post: 18 October 2011 (Tuesday)
• Last date for issue of application forms and information brochures at Bank counters: 22 October 2011 (Saturday)
• Last date for Online Registration on the website / website closure: 25 October 2011 (Tuesday) at 18:00 hrs
• Last date for receipt of completed OMR application form along with Pay-in-slip and Demand Draft (if any) at IIT Bombay: 1 November 2011 (Tuesday)
• Last date for receipt of completed Online Registration Form along with Demand Draft at IIT Bombay: 1 November 2011 (Tuesday)
• Date of JAM 2012 Test: 12 February 2012 (Sunday)
• Announcement of the result of JAM 2012: 10 April 2012 (Tuesday) at 17:00 hrs
• Issue of application form(s) for admission by JAM Office of IIT Bombay / downloading from the website of IIT Bombay starts: 12 April 2012 (Thursday)
• Last date for receipt of completed application forms for admission along with Demand Draft of Rs. 300/- at IIT Bombay: 30 April 2012 (Monday)

For more details Click here

CEED (Common Entrance Examination for Design) 2012

Common Entrance Examination for Design (CEED) is an all India examination conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), on behalf of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India.

The objective of CEED is to assess the candidate’s aptitude for design, involving visual perception ability, drawing skills, logical reasoning, creativity, and communication skills.

Programmes:
CEED is a qualifying examination for the following postgraduate programmes in design:

1. Master of Design Programmes
   IISc Bangalore: M.Des. in Product Design and Engineering*
   IIT Bombay: M.Des. in (i) Industrial Design, (ii) Visual Communication, (iii) Animation, (iv) Interaction Design, (v) Mobility and Vehicle Design.
   IIT Delhi: M.Des. in Industrial Design
   IIT Guwahati: M.Des. in Design
   IIT Kanpur: M.Des. in Industrial Design*
   *GATE qualified candidates will also be considered for admission to these programmes.
   
2. Ph.D Programmes in Design (IISc Bangalore, IIT Bombay)
   Details may be obtained from respective web sites.

Eligibility for CEED 2012:
Candidates either must have completed or be expecting to complete any of the following, by July 2012:
(i) Bachelor's degree in Engineering / Architecture / Design/ Interior Design or equivalent
(ii) Professional Diploma in Design (NID/CEPT or equivalent of 4 years duration after 10+2)
(iii) B.F.A. (4 year professional programme, after 10+2)
(iv) G.D. Art (5 year programme after 10th) with one year professional experience
(v) Master’s degree in Arts / Science / Computer Applications
The candidate is responsible for showing eligibility while seeking admission to the specific programme in which they are interested.
There is no age limit and a candidate can appear in CEED any number of times.

What is new in CEED 2012?

• CEED 2012 examination will be conducted on Sunday, 4 December 2011 between 14:00 hrs to 17:00 hrs. This is approximately one month earlier than previous years.
• The examination will be conducted in two Parts, A and B. All candidates must answer both Parts.

PART-A is a screening test.
PART-B will be evaluated for candidates who will be short-listed in the screening test

Application Form and Brochure:
CEED Application Form must be submitted online, through the website www.iitb.ac.in/gate. The application fee (non refundable) is Rs. 950/- (Rs. 475/- for SC/ST/PD Applicants).

Examination:
The examination is from 1400 hours to 1700 hours on Sunday, 4th December, 2011 and will not have any break.

Important Dates

• Access to Application through website: 12 Sept. 2011 – 7 Oct. 2011
• Last Date for submitting of Application (Website closure): Friday, 7 Oct. 2011
• Last Date for Receipt of Completed Application at the GATE Office, IIT Bombay: Friday, 14 Oct. 2011
• A Candidate can contact GATE Office, IIT Bombay for non-receipt of admit card: Tuesday, 22 November 2011
• Date of Examination: Sunday, 4 December 2011 (1400 to 1700 hours)
• Announcement of Results: Friday, 20 January 2012 (after 1000 hours)

For more details Click here

Joint CSIR-UGC NET

CSIR will hold the Joint CSIR-UGC Test on 18th December, 2011 for determining the eligibility of the Indian National candidates for the award of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) NET and for determining eligibility for appointment of Lecturers (NET) in certain subject areas falling under the faculty of Science. The award of Junior Research Fellowship (NET) to the successful eligible candidates will depend on their finding admission/placement in a university/ national laboratory/ institution of higher learning and research, as applicable.

A candidate may apply either for ‘JRF + Lectureship’ or for ‘Lectureship (LS) only’ He/she may indicate his/her preference in the O.M.R Application Form/Online Application, as the case may be. CSIR may consider candidates applying for ‘JRF + LS’ or ‘Lectureship only” depending on number of fellowships available & performance in the test subject to the condition that they fulfill the laid down eligibility criterion .

Educational Qualification
M.Sc. or Equivalent degree under the subjects mentioned in para 2.1 above, with minimum 55% marks for General & OBC candidates; 50% for SC/ST candidates, Physically and Visually Handicapped candidates and Ph.D. degree holders who had passed Master's degree prior to 19th September 1991.

Age Limit& Relaxation For JRF (NET): Minimum 19 Years and maximum 28 years as on 01-07-2011 (upper age limit may be relaxed up to 5 years as in case of candidates belonging to SC/ ST/ OBC(Non Creamy Layer), Physically handicapped/Visually handicapped and female applicants).
For LS (NET): Minimum 19 years, as on 01.07.2011. No upper age limit.

Subjects of the Test
The Test will be held in the subjects as given under:
1. Chemical Sciences,
2. Earth Sciences
3. Life Sciences
4. Mathematical Sciences
5. Physical Sciences

Date and Scheme of the Test
The single paper MCQ based test will be held on Sunday, the 18th December, 2011 as under:

• Morning Session: 9.00AM-12.00PM
  (i) Life Sciences
  (ii) Mathematical Sciences
  Marks: 200
  
• Afternoon Session: 2.00 PM-5.00 PM
  (i) Chemical Sciences
  (ii) Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences
  (iii) Physical Sciences
  Marks: 200

For Syllabus:Click here

How to apply:
Option-I: Apply Through Information Bulletin:
By Hand: Candidates applying for the Test may obtain the Information Bulletin and Application forms (inclusive of fee payable) through the branches of the Bank notified below in para 5.4 (within the prescribed dates) by paying the requisite fee in cash:
OR
By Post: The information Bulletin and Application form may also be obtained through Value Payable Post(V.P.P.) from the Indian Bank,
3/1, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi - 110 008, by sending a crossed Demand draft for Rs. 400/-, Rs. 200/- or Rs.100/-(as the case may be) drawn in favour of “Indian Bank, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi” payable at New Delhi.

Option-II: Apply Through Online Application
Interested & eligible candidates may apply for this test Online through a link available at CSIR, HRDG website: www.csirhrdg.res.in.

Important Dates:

• Date of Single MCQ Examination: 18.12.2011
• Schedule for sale of Information Bulletin through Bank
  (i) Start of sale of Information Bulletin: 16.08.2011
  (ii) Date of close of sale of Information Bulletin by post only: 30.08.2011
  (iii) Date of close of sale of Information Bulletin by cash at all branches/ stations: 05.09.2011
  
• Schedule for On-Line Application
  (i) Start of On-Line Submission of Application Form and Fee deposit through Bank Challan: 16.08.2011
  (ii) Date of close of On-Line deposit of fee (at All stations): 05.09.2011
  (iii) Date of close of On-Line submission of Applications (at All stations): 06.09.2011
  
• Last date of receipt of completed application forms (including duly completed hard copy of on line application in the Examination Unit: 09.09.2011
• Last date of receipt of (both kind) Completed application forms (from remote areas): 16.09.2011
• Last Date for receipt of written request for change of Examination Centre only on merit basis: 03.10.2011
• Publication of list of candidates registered for test on CSIR, HRDG website: 01.11.2011
• Last date for entertainment of any representation about non-registration for this test: 08.11.2011
• Start of dispatch of Admission Certificate to eligible candidates last week of Nov., 2011

For more details Click here